CPU cycles, main memory, storage space, and peripheral devices. Other systems aid in the efficient operation of the OS itself: Debugging and diagnostic tools aid users and administrators in tracing down the cause of problems. Some systems may include complex error avoidance or recovery systems, including backups, RAID drives, and other redundant systems.

Error Detection - Both hardware and software errors must be detected and handled appropriately, with a minimum of harmful repercussions.

May be implemented as either shared memory or message passing, ( or some systems may offer both. Communications - Inter-process communications, IPC, either between processes running on the same processor, or between processes running on separate processors or separate machines.File-System Manipulation - In addition to raw data storage, the OS is also responsible for maintaining directory and subdirectory structures, mapping file names to specific blocks of data storage, and providing tools for navigating and utilizing the file system.I/O Operations - The OS is responsible for transferring data to and from I/O devices, including keyboards, terminals, printers, and storage devices.Program Execution - The OS must be able to load a program into RAM, run the program, and terminate the program, either normally or abnormally.The latter are generally older systems using punch cards of job-control language, JCL, but may still be used today for specialty systems designed for a single purpose. Depending on the system these may be a command-line interface ( e.g. User Interfaces - Means by which users can issue commands to the system.OSes provide environments in which programs run, and services for the users of the system, including: 2.1 Operating-System Servicesįigure 2.1 - A view of operating system services

Different design issues and choices are examined and compared, and the basic structure of several popular OSes are presented. This chapter deals with how operating systems are structured and organized. Abraham Silberschatz, Greg Gagne, and Peter Baer Galvin, 'Operating System Concepts, Ninth Edition ', Chapter 2.

What are the two mac os gui interfaces